Oaded exosomes labeled with folate (FA) to kind FAvectorized exosomes loaded with erastin (erastin@FAexo) to target triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells with overexpression of FA receptors. Erastin@FA-exo improved the uptake efficiency of erastin and also drastically inhibited the proliferation and migration of MDAMB-231 cells compared with erastin@exo and free erastin. Interestingly, erastin@FA-exo D4 Receptor Formulation promoted ferroptosis with intracellular depletion of glutathione and ROS generation. Plasma exosomes (Exo) loaded with quercetin (Exo-Que) improved the drug bioavailability, enhanced the brain targeting of Que and potently ameliorated cognitive dysfunction in okadaic acid (OA)-induced AD mice when compared with free quercetin by inhibiting phosphorylated tau-mediatedneurofibrillary tangles.310 Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes paralysis from the limbs. To establish the part of resveratrol in SCI, exosomes derived from resveratrol-treated primary microglia have been utilised as carriers which are in a position to improve the solubility of resveratrol and enhance penetration with the drug through the BBB, thereby rising its concentration inside the CNS. The findings demonstrated that Exo + Res are extremely helpful at crossing the BBB with good stability, suggesting they have possible for enhancing targeted drug delivery and recovering neuronal function in SCI therapy, and is likely connected with the induction of autophagy and inhibition of apoptosis through the PI3K signaling pathway.311 Delivery of miR-204-5p by exosomes inhibits cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth, and induces apoptosis and chemoresistance by particularly suppressing the target genes of miR-204-5p in human cancer cells.312 Engineered exosomes with RVG peptide around the surface for neuron targeting and NGF-loaded exosomes (NGF@ExoRVG) have been efficiently delivered into ischemic cortex, having a burst release of encapsulated NGF protein and de novo NGF protein HCV Protease Inhibitor Source translated from the delivered mRNA. The delivered NGF protein showed higher stability and a extended retention time, as well as decreased inflammation by reshaping microglia polarization, promoted cell survival, and increased the population of double cortin-positive cells, a neuroblast marker.313 Intranasal delivery of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles exerts immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects inside a 3xTg model of AD by activation of microglia cells and improved dendritic spine density.314 Exosome-encapsulated paclitaxel showed efficacy inside the therapy of multi-drug resistant cancer cells and it overcomes MDR in cancer cells.315,316 Saari et al found that the loading of Paclitaxel to autologous prostate cancer cell-derived EVs elevated its cytotoxic effect.316 Exosome loaded doxorubicin (exoDOX) avoids undesired and unnecessary heart toxicity by partially limiting the crossing of DOX via the myocardial endothelial cells.317 Studies from in vitro and in vivo demonstrate that exosome loaded doxorubicin showed that exosomes didn’t decrease the efficacy of DOX and there is no cardiotoxicity in DOX-treated mice.Outstanding Developments in Exosome BiologyThe intrinsic properties of exosomes have already been exploited to control various kinds of illnesses, such as neurodegenerative conditions and cancer, by way of promoting or restraining theInternational Journal of Nanomedicine 2021:submit your manuscript www.dovepress.comDovePressGurunathan et alDovepressdelivery of proteins, metabolites, and nucleic acids into recipient cells effe.
