one more biocatalyst, a new lookup was done utilizing the identical method, but replacing the phrase “lipase” with “dehydrogenase”. Fig 2 plainly demonstrates that the fascination in utilizing lipases for biocatalytic resolution is more mature than dehydrogenases. As mentioned in [14], revealed in 1999, “hydrolases are by significantly the most notable group of enzymes used in production of fine chemical substances by biocatalyst resolution.” The optimum variety of patent filings relevant to lipases was achieved in the 3rd triennium (1989,1991), and it has diminished since then. In contrast, the number of filings referring to dehydrogenases was much reduced up to the eighth triennium (2004,2006), but it would seem to be escalating most likely due to developments in researches related to cofactor recycling [25]. Other relevant information extracted from the patent paperwork is connected to the subject make a difference disclosed by them. 92% of the files primarily disclose procedures for resolving racemic mixtures making use of lipases as biocatalysts. In contrast, only eight% are directed to the biocatalyst itself (for occasion, lipases with improved qualities, genes encoding enzymes with lipase activity, microorganisms expressing such enzymes, and method for immobilizing lipases). By cautiously studying the title and summary of the 56 files incorporated in the 2nd team, it was possible to divide them into five subgroups relying on the supply of the lipase/ gene disclosed, i.e., microorganisms (19 documents), filamentous fungi (2 paperwork), yeasts (nine documents), bugs (one doc) or porcine pancreas (one document). It is well worth noting that this sort of division was produced based mostly on the disclosure provided in the title and abstract of the documents, and not all of them incorporate such information. Lipases also create enantiomerically pure compounds by desymmetrization of prochiral and meso compounds. In accordance to latest literature, this would be the most sufficient strategy for obtaining enantiopure molecules since a prospective one hundred% produce can1032754-93-0 be attained, in distinction to the optimum produce of fifty% received by kinetic resolution processesue to the reality that only 50 percent of the starting material is employed [26]. Even with the theoretical rewards, the patent and literature queries relevant to lipases and desymmetrization have demonstrated that kinetic resolution is even now much more appropriate in the natural synthesis discipline. Scientific publications directed to the application of lipases in desymmetrization procedures signify only about ten% of the scientific studies released for lipases in kinetic resolution procedures from 1983 to 2012. In what worries patent documents, the quantity identified for desymmetrization is not even shut to that located for kinetic resolution. For example, whilst 216 paperwork ended up retrieved in a basic research combining “lipase and `kinetic resolution'”, only four, 9 and 8 documents have been determined in the queries “lipase and desymm”, “lipase and meso” and “lipase and prochiral”, respectively. It must be highlighted that all the queries performed in this research recovered patent paperwork made up of the chosen key phrases in the title and/or summary. As a result, they are not meant for identification of all paperwork submitted belonging to a particular field, but for the mapping of a technological field, and comparison among various fields.
The heritage of the amount of patent filings associated to the use of lipases in detergent formulations may possibly be divided into a few unique phases. Fig 3A displays a development from the initial to the fifth triennium, adopted by a decrease up to the seventh triennium and a new improve in excess of the last 9 many years analyzed. The progress section noticed in the 80s and 90s coincided with the starting of the use of lipases in the manufacturing of detergents: the 1st lipase with professional success in this sector was Lipolase released on the market in 1988 by Novo Nordisk A/S [29]. MK-2206After that, other commercially successful lipases had been also released in the 90s, this sort of as Lumafast and Lipomax, by Genencor [30]. Although using into account that patent filings/publications are not able to be straight correlated to market place launch thanks to time lag [31], one feasible clarification for the sharp drop noticed in the next section is the world-wide enzyme demand from customers commented on Li et al., 2012 [32]. The detergent market endured from declining product sales as a outcome of pricing pressures at the commencing of the XXI century. Most likely thanks to the look for for new and far more powerful detergent compositions and enzymes, the number of equally patent filings and scientific publications in this sector began growing again. These kinds of growth in the very last a few trienniums is largely attributed to the participation of China (Fig 3B).
