N the liver, lung, and thymus, where this receptor is highly expressed [117]. The key to future studies will be fully characterizing the distinct mechanisms employed by different prebiotics to balance ChaetocinMedChemExpress Chaetocin immune responses, particularly due to the broad range of modulatory activities they exert. For this reason, prebiotics are an exciting therapy for counteracting dysregulation of the immune system linked to the microbiome.Table 3. Summary of findings from human prebiotic interventions on immune function.Type of Trial Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover Prebiotic Used Main Finding 2-1 fructans increased blood IL-4, CD282+/TLR2+ myeloid dendritic cells, and a TLR2-mediated immune response in healthy adults. 2-1 fructans did not affect numbers of blood immune cells or Ig, salivary IgA, or immune activity in healthy adults. Oligofructose/inulin improved antibody response to measles vaccination Oligofructose/inulin increased circulating influenza-specific antibodies after vaccination in healthy adults. Nutritional formula with FOS improved influenza vaccine response and reduced symptomatic days in infants. Prebiotic cereal reduced diarrhea-associated fever and medical attention in infants. Prebiotic cereal reduced sick days, antibiotic use and febrile seizures in infants. Reference2-1 fructansClarke et al., 2016 [89]Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled2-1 fructansLomax et al., 2012 [90]Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlledOligofructose/inulin mixtureFirmansyah et al., 2001 [91]Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlledOligofructose/inulin mixtureLomax et al., 2015 [92]Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlledNutritional formula containing FOSLangkamp-Henken et al., 2004 [93]Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlledOligofructose-supplemented cerealSaavedra et al., 1999 [97]Oligofructose-supplemented cerealTschernia et al., 1999 [98]Nutrients 2016, 8,10 ofTable 3. Cont.Type of Trial Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective Prebiotic Used scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS Main Finding scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS reduced the development rate of atopic dermatitis in low-risk infants. GOS/FOS reduced the development rate of atopic dermatitis in high-risk infants. FOS reduced antibodies against cow’s milk and increased circulating Treg and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, but did not prevent the development of eczema in infants. FUT2-dependent breast milk oligosaccharides are associated with reduced risk for allergic disease in high-risk infants. Probiotic/prebiotic mixture reduced the occurrence of eczema in high-risk infants. FOS decreased inflammatory IL-6 expression and phagocytosis activity by granulocytes and monocytes in elderly people. B-GOS increased phagocytosis and NK cell activity while promoting an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile in elderly people. B-GOS increased NK cell activity and circulating IL-10, IL-8, and C-reactive protein, while reducing IL-1, in elderly people. Reference Gr er et al., 2010 [100]GOS/FOSMoro et al., 2006 [101]Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-groupPartially hydrolyzed FOSBoyle et al., 2016 [102]Cross-sectionalFUT2-dependent breast milk oligo-saccharidesSprenger et al., 2016 [104]Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlledProbiotic supplement with Quizartinib price GOSKukkonen et al., 2007 [105]Pretest-posttestFOSGuigoz et al., 2002 [112]Randomized, double-blind, pl.N the liver, lung, and thymus, where this receptor is highly expressed [117]. The key to future studies will be fully characterizing the distinct mechanisms employed by different prebiotics to balance immune responses, particularly due to the broad range of modulatory activities they exert. For this reason, prebiotics are an exciting therapy for counteracting dysregulation of the immune system linked to the microbiome.Table 3. Summary of findings from human prebiotic interventions on immune function.Type of Trial Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover Prebiotic Used Main Finding 2-1 fructans increased blood IL-4, CD282+/TLR2+ myeloid dendritic cells, and a TLR2-mediated immune response in healthy adults. 2-1 fructans did not affect numbers of blood immune cells or Ig, salivary IgA, or immune activity in healthy adults. Oligofructose/inulin improved antibody response to measles vaccination Oligofructose/inulin increased circulating influenza-specific antibodies after vaccination in healthy adults. Nutritional formula with FOS improved influenza vaccine response and reduced symptomatic days in infants. Prebiotic cereal reduced diarrhea-associated fever and medical attention in infants. Prebiotic cereal reduced sick days, antibiotic use and febrile seizures in infants. Reference2-1 fructansClarke et al., 2016 [89]Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled2-1 fructansLomax et al., 2012 [90]Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlledOligofructose/inulin mixtureFirmansyah et al., 2001 [91]Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlledOligofructose/inulin mixtureLomax et al., 2015 [92]Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlledNutritional formula containing FOSLangkamp-Henken et al., 2004 [93]Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlledOligofructose-supplemented cerealSaavedra et al., 1999 [97]Oligofructose-supplemented cerealTschernia et al., 1999 [98]Nutrients 2016, 8,10 ofTable 3. Cont.Type of Trial Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective Prebiotic Used scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS Main Finding scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS reduced the development rate of atopic dermatitis in low-risk infants. GOS/FOS reduced the development rate of atopic dermatitis in high-risk infants. FOS reduced antibodies against cow’s milk and increased circulating Treg and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, but did not prevent the development of eczema in infants. FUT2-dependent breast milk oligosaccharides are associated with reduced risk for allergic disease in high-risk infants. Probiotic/prebiotic mixture reduced the occurrence of eczema in high-risk infants. FOS decreased inflammatory IL-6 expression and phagocytosis activity by granulocytes and monocytes in elderly people. B-GOS increased phagocytosis and NK cell activity while promoting an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile in elderly people. B-GOS increased NK cell activity and circulating IL-10, IL-8, and C-reactive protein, while reducing IL-1, in elderly people. Reference Gr er et al., 2010 [100]GOS/FOSMoro et al., 2006 [101]Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-groupPartially hydrolyzed FOSBoyle et al., 2016 [102]Cross-sectionalFUT2-dependent breast milk oligo-saccharidesSprenger et al., 2016 [104]Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlledProbiotic supplement with GOSKukkonen et al., 2007 [105]Pretest-posttestFOSGuigoz et al., 2002 [112]Randomized, double-blind, pl.
