Reased respiratory rate when compared to vehicle treated mice.DiscussionThis study provides phenotypic data on the dy2J mouse model of congenital muscular dystrophy and demonstrates effective outcome measures for preclinical trials. dy2J mice demonstrated decreased body weights and poor growth, decreased forelimb grip strength, decreased respiratory rates and increased fibrosis in the gastrocnemius and diaphragm compared to control mice. Apoptosis is one mechanism shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of MDC1A. [7?0] Omigapil, an inhibitor of the GAPDH-Siah1-mediated apoptosis, was found to be effective in the dyW mouse model. [10] This study also demonstrated significant improvement in functional and histological measures in the dy2J model after therapy with the omigapil (0.1 mg/kg), providing further support for clinical trials of omigapil in congenital muscular dystrophy. Due to the mild phenotype of the dy2J model, histological buy JW 74 evaluation of fibrosis provided the strongest evidence for a beneficial effect of omigapil. Omigapil significantly reduced the percent of fibrosis in the gastrocnemius and the diaphragm. Erb et al. (2009) studied omigapil in the dyW/dyW mouse model of congenital muscular dystrophy. [10] dyW mice have a more severe phenotype than the dy2J mice and early death. Erb et al. (2009) demonstrated decreased fibrosis of the triceps brachii with 0.1 mg/kg omigapil dosing. In our study, both the gastrocnemius and diaphragm demonstrated significantly decreased fibrosis in the 0.1 mg/kg omigapil group and just the diaphragm in the 1 mg/kg group. Decreased fibrosis is likely indicative of decreased muscle cell apoptosis due to omigapil therapy. In support of this, we alsody2J mice vary in respect to wild type mice measures at the end of the trial. Consistent with the data analysis, the dy2J mice treated with 0.1 mg/kg/day omigapil showed significantly less decreasedOmigapil Treatment in dy2J MiceTable 2. Outcome measures for BL6 control and vehicle treated dy2J mice at 30?3 weeks of age show decreased activity, in vitro force and fibrosis.dy2J vehicle N 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 3 Mean ?SD 3461 6462 548618 724688 9246105 1.6660.05 6196111; 562 (487?48) 63620; 70 (34?4) 963; 10 (5?3) 59163; 590 (587?95) 060; 0 (0?) 0.09060.010 4.23960.483 21.462.6 371618 4.3460.36 3.3460.55 2.2560.47 0.2460.10 1.0860.32 223631 184628 20.662.6 14.760.7 10.163.10 36.463.2; 38.0 (30.5?9.5) 13.661.5; 13.3 (12.0?6.6) 36.264.1; 38.0 (31.5?9.2) 0.4952 0.2857 ,0.001 0.8109 0.0514 0.7022 0.0321 0.0152 0.0179 0.0179 0.0011 ,0.001 0.6917 0.0052 0.0010 0.0757 0.7785 ,0.001 0.0655 0.0128 ,0.001 0.0013 ,0.001 ,0.001 ,0.001 0.0027 0.0027 0.MeasurementBL6 Control N Mean ?SD 3461 6362 47569 723650 1039679 1.6560.07 14366653; 1661 (598?046) 3286208; 387 (62?39) 38623; 44 (8?9) 562623; 557 (541?92) 1768; 20 (6?5) 0.13260.014 4.44061.205 31.267.0 40566 3.7860.60 3.2061.18 4.3560.56 0.3360.04 1.5660.23 414671 255632 2.160.2 8.461.8 060 2.861.0; 2.5 (1.9?.6) 2.960.3; 3.0 (2.5?.2) 0.760.7; 0.7 (0.4?.0)P-valueFS EF Heart rate (BPM) PA velocity (mm/s) Ao velocity (mm/s) E/A ratio Horizontal activity* Total distance (cm)* Movement time(second)* Rest time(second)* Vertical activity* GSM forelimb (KGF) Normalized GSM forelimb (KGF/kg) Body weight (g) Respiratory rate (bpm) Heart weight/BW Spleen weight/BW Lixisenatide chemical information gastroc Weight/BW Soleus weight/BW TA weight/BW Hindlimb maximal force Hindlimb specific force fibrosis ?gastroc fibrosis – diaph.Reased respiratory rate when compared to vehicle treated mice.DiscussionThis study provides phenotypic data on the dy2J mouse model of congenital muscular dystrophy and demonstrates effective outcome measures for preclinical trials. dy2J mice demonstrated decreased body weights and poor growth, decreased forelimb grip strength, decreased respiratory rates and increased fibrosis in the gastrocnemius and diaphragm compared to control mice. Apoptosis is one mechanism shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of MDC1A. [7?0] Omigapil, an inhibitor of the GAPDH-Siah1-mediated apoptosis, was found to be effective in the dyW mouse model. [10] This study also demonstrated significant improvement in functional and histological measures in the dy2J model after therapy with the omigapil (0.1 mg/kg), providing further support for clinical trials of omigapil in congenital muscular dystrophy. Due to the mild phenotype of the dy2J model, histological evaluation of fibrosis provided the strongest evidence for a beneficial effect of omigapil. Omigapil significantly reduced the percent of fibrosis in the gastrocnemius and the diaphragm. Erb et al. (2009) studied omigapil in the dyW/dyW mouse model of congenital muscular dystrophy. [10] dyW mice have a more severe phenotype than the dy2J mice and early death. Erb et al. (2009) demonstrated decreased fibrosis of the triceps brachii with 0.1 mg/kg omigapil dosing. In our study, both the gastrocnemius and diaphragm demonstrated significantly decreased fibrosis in the 0.1 mg/kg omigapil group and just the diaphragm in the 1 mg/kg group. Decreased fibrosis is likely indicative of decreased muscle cell apoptosis due to omigapil therapy. In support of this, we alsody2J mice vary in respect to wild type mice measures at the end of the trial. Consistent with the data analysis, the dy2J mice treated with 0.1 mg/kg/day omigapil showed significantly less decreasedOmigapil Treatment in dy2J MiceTable 2. Outcome measures for BL6 control and vehicle treated dy2J mice at 30?3 weeks of age show decreased activity, in vitro force and fibrosis.dy2J vehicle N 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 3 Mean ?SD 3461 6462 548618 724688 9246105 1.6660.05 6196111; 562 (487?48) 63620; 70 (34?4) 963; 10 (5?3) 59163; 590 (587?95) 060; 0 (0?) 0.09060.010 4.23960.483 21.462.6 371618 4.3460.36 3.3460.55 2.2560.47 0.2460.10 1.0860.32 223631 184628 20.662.6 14.760.7 10.163.10 36.463.2; 38.0 (30.5?9.5) 13.661.5; 13.3 (12.0?6.6) 36.264.1; 38.0 (31.5?9.2) 0.4952 0.2857 ,0.001 0.8109 0.0514 0.7022 0.0321 0.0152 0.0179 0.0179 0.0011 ,0.001 0.6917 0.0052 0.0010 0.0757 0.7785 ,0.001 0.0655 0.0128 ,0.001 0.0013 ,0.001 ,0.001 ,0.001 0.0027 0.0027 0.MeasurementBL6 Control N Mean ?SD 3461 6362 47569 723650 1039679 1.6560.07 14366653; 1661 (598?046) 3286208; 387 (62?39) 38623; 44 (8?9) 562623; 557 (541?92) 1768; 20 (6?5) 0.13260.014 4.44061.205 31.267.0 40566 3.7860.60 3.2061.18 4.3560.56 0.3360.04 1.5660.23 414671 255632 2.160.2 8.461.8 060 2.861.0; 2.5 (1.9?.6) 2.960.3; 3.0 (2.5?.2) 0.760.7; 0.7 (0.4?.0)P-valueFS EF Heart rate (BPM) PA velocity (mm/s) Ao velocity (mm/s) E/A ratio Horizontal activity* Total distance (cm)* Movement time(second)* Rest time(second)* Vertical activity* GSM forelimb (KGF) Normalized GSM forelimb (KGF/kg) Body weight (g) Respiratory rate (bpm) Heart weight/BW Spleen weight/BW Gastroc Weight/BW Soleus weight/BW TA weight/BW Hindlimb maximal force Hindlimb specific force fibrosis ?gastroc fibrosis – diaph.
