Nduction, suggesting that the cytotoxicity was due to inhibition of small G proteins’ functions. Down-regulated p53 levels on the other hand negated the synergistic actions by ZOL and CDDP, indicating that the ZOL-induced p53 activation contributed to 22948146 the combinatory anti-tumor HIV-RT inhibitor 1 web effects produced with CDDP. The majority of mesothelioma cells has defect of p14ARF, which results in an increased level of Mdm2 that induces p53 degradation [14,15]. Augmentation of p53 is therefore a possible therapeutic strategy for mesothelioma by restoring p53 functions [16]. The present study indicated that ZOL phosphorylated p53 and up-regulated the expression levels, suggesting a crucial role of p53 induction in the ZOL-mediated cytotoxicity. ZOL in fact activated caspases and increased sub-G1 phase populations. The knockdown experiments with p53-siRNA however demonstrated that p53 activation itself did not contribute to the ZOL-mediated cytotoxic actions. A possible involvement of the p53 pathways in ZOL-mediated cytotoxicity may need further investigations but the present data evidenced that the up-regulated p53 level in ZOL-treated cells was irrelevant to the cytotoxicity as reported previously [17,18]. The ZOL-induced cytotoxicity can be therefore attributable to inhibited prenylation of small G proteins [8?10]. ZOL-induced activation of p53 nevertheless contributed to the cytotoxicity by other agents of which the functions were linked with p53 levels. CDDP is one of such agents and augmented p53 levels in target tumors facilitate CDDP-induced cell death [19,20]. In fact our previous study showed that Ad-p53-transduced MSTO-211H cells produced synergistic cytotoxicity with CDDP, and that the CI values were below 1 between 0.2 and 0.8 Fa points [21]. The present study demonstrated that combination of ZOL Table 2. Cell cycle distribution of p53-siRNA-treated cells.Cell cycle distribution ( ?SE) siRNA for (2) (2) Control p53 ZOL (2) (+) (+) (+) Sub-G1 2.3560.07 34.5360.23 52.3460.60 28.3660.12 G0/G1 81.6960.36 50.3960.13 38.2360.32 38.5960.16 S 6.8860.29 6.1260.11 3.7960.08 16.6960.17 G2/M 8.7960.33 8.3260.29 5.1060.27 15.5360.MSTO-211H cells were Hexokinase II Inhibitor II, 3-BP site transfected with or without siRNA for 24 h, and then treated with or without 50 mM ZOL for further 48 h. Cell cycle was analyzed with flow cytometry. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060297.tand CDDP produced synergistic or additive anti-tumor effects on mesothelioma with the wild-type p53 gene. The combination increased sub-G1 phase 15755315 populations and decreased tumor volumes in an orthotopic animal model, but down-regulation of p53 with the siRNA completely nullified the combinatory effects. These data suggested that 
ZOL-induced p53 up-regulation favored CDDP-mediated cytotoxicity through further augmenting the p53 pathways. Benassi et al recently reported similar results with paired cells, p53-mutated and the isogeneic p53-wild-type parent cells from osteosarcoma, that combinatory effects of ZOL and CDDP were p53-dependent [20]. The present study furthermore analyzed the interactions between the two agents and demonstrated synergistic or additive actions in the combination as well as the in vivo efficacy. The interactions became antagonistic under the p53-siRNA treatment, which suggested that loss of ZOL-induced p53 up-regulation was rather inhibitory to CDDP-mediated cytotoxicity. These data consequently suggest that the ZOLmediated up-regulated p53 pathways contributed to combinatory effects with CDDP. ZOL-mediated.Nduction, suggesting that the cytotoxicity was due to inhibition of small G proteins’ functions. Down-regulated p53 levels on the other hand negated the synergistic actions by ZOL and CDDP, indicating that the ZOL-induced p53 activation contributed to 22948146 the combinatory anti-tumor effects produced with CDDP. The majority of mesothelioma cells has defect of p14ARF, which results in an increased level of Mdm2 that induces p53 degradation [14,15]. Augmentation of p53 is therefore a possible therapeutic strategy for mesothelioma by restoring p53 functions [16]. The present study indicated that ZOL phosphorylated p53 and up-regulated the expression levels, suggesting a crucial role of p53 induction in the ZOL-mediated cytotoxicity. ZOL in fact activated caspases and increased sub-G1 phase populations. The knockdown experiments with p53-siRNA however demonstrated that p53 activation itself did not contribute to the ZOL-mediated cytotoxic actions. A possible involvement of the p53 pathways in ZOL-mediated cytotoxicity may need further investigations but the present data evidenced that the up-regulated p53 level in ZOL-treated cells was irrelevant to the cytotoxicity as reported previously [17,18]. The ZOL-induced cytotoxicity can be therefore attributable to inhibited prenylation of small G proteins [8?10]. ZOL-induced activation of p53 nevertheless contributed to the cytotoxicity by other agents of which the functions were linked with p53 levels. CDDP is one of such agents and augmented p53 levels in target tumors facilitate CDDP-induced cell death [19,20]. In fact our previous study showed that Ad-p53-transduced MSTO-211H cells produced synergistic cytotoxicity with CDDP, and that the CI values were below 1 between 0.2 and 0.8 Fa points [21]. The present study demonstrated that combination of ZOL Table 2. Cell cycle distribution of p53-siRNA-treated cells.Cell cycle distribution ( ?SE) siRNA for (2) (2) Control p53 ZOL (2) (+) (+) (+) Sub-G1 2.3560.07 34.5360.23 52.3460.60 28.3660.12 G0/G1 81.6960.36 50.3960.13 38.2360.32 38.5960.16 S 6.8860.29 6.1260.11 3.7960.08 16.6960.17 G2/M 8.7960.33 8.3260.29 5.1060.27 15.5360.MSTO-211H cells were transfected with or without siRNA for 24 h, and then treated with or without 50 mM ZOL for further 48 h. Cell cycle was analyzed with flow cytometry. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060297.tand CDDP produced synergistic or additive anti-tumor effects on mesothelioma with the wild-type p53 gene. The combination increased sub-G1 phase 15755315 populations and decreased tumor volumes in an orthotopic animal model, but down-regulation of p53 with the siRNA completely nullified the combinatory effects. These data suggested that ZOL-induced p53 up-regulation favored CDDP-mediated cytotoxicity through further augmenting the p53 pathways. Benassi et al recently reported similar results with paired cells, p53-mutated and the isogeneic p53-wild-type parent cells from osteosarcoma, that combinatory effects of ZOL and CDDP were p53-dependent [20]. The present study furthermore analyzed the interactions between the two agents and demonstrated synergistic or additive actions in the combination 
as well as the in vivo efficacy. The interactions became antagonistic under the p53-siRNA treatment, which suggested that loss of ZOL-induced p53 up-regulation was rather inhibitory to CDDP-mediated cytotoxicity. These data consequently suggest that the ZOLmediated up-regulated p53 pathways contributed to combinatory effects with CDDP. ZOL-mediated.
