On-induced vascular changes alter the transport of Ab out of the brain. Even though we did not observe any change in LRP1, which is associated with Ab removal from the brain and known to be influenced by inflammatory stimuli [33], there are additional transporters found at the BBB that might have a role in Ab removal [20]. Ultimately, Ab tracer studies will be required to definitively demonstrate impaired clearance in irradiated mice. In conclusion we have demonstrated that 100 cGy of 56Fe particle radiation can cause cognitive impairment as well as increased Ab plaque pathology in APP/PS1 mice, without clear changes in glial activation. Additionally, the elevation of ICAM-1 expression in irradiated mice raises the possibility that vascular changes might underlie radiation-induced amyloid accumulation. These pathological increases are particularly concerning for astronauts who will be exposed to GCR in upcoming deep space missions. In this regard, one major caveat of our model is that mice were subjected to acute exposures with a single HZE species. It is not known how the CNS will respond to the complex andchronic low-dose GCR environment of space. Moreover, astronauts will not likely be familial AD carriers. Therefore, while many of the pathological processes are believed to be similar, this model does not reflect the complete human condition. However, for the one aspect we can 26001275 replicate, the accumulation of Ab, our findings demonstrate that whole body exposure to 56Fe particle HZE radiation enhances pathological processes associated with progression of AD.AcknowledgmentsThe authors thank Peter Guida, Adam Rusek, and their teams at Brookhaven National Laboratories for support during mouse irradiations. Jack Walter, Mallory Olschowka, and Lee Trojanczyk Ergocalciferol assisted with irradiations, animal management, contextual fear conditioning, and tissue collection and processing. We thank Katherine Bachmann in the University of Rochester Behavioral Science Facility Core (supported in part by P30 ES01247) for running the novel object recognition test.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: JDC CAL JPW JAO MKO. Performed the experiments: JDC BL JLF JPW MKO. Analyzed the data: JDC JAO MKO. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BL JLF CAL. Wrote the paper: JDC MKO.
Hematopoietic progenitor cells enter the thymus from the bone marrow where they undergo a dynamic and highly regulated process of differentiation that culminates with the export of mature T cells. The differentiation of progenitors is controlled by interactions between the progenitor and thymic stromal cells that ultimately activate various signal transduction pathways [1]. These signal transduction pathways regulate the expression of key transcription factors that are required for differentiation. One of the key signaling pathways that is activated at various stages of intrathymic T cell K162 supplier development is the canonical Ras/Erk pathway. The progenitors that seed the thymus initially lack expression of the CD4 and CD8 T cell co-receptors and are termed `double negative’ (DN). DN thymocytes are a heterogeneous population that can be further sub-divided based upon the expression of various cell surface molecules including CD44 and CD25. DN1 thymocytes are CD44+CD252 with upregulation of CD25 marking entry into the DN2 stage. It is within the DN2 stage that TCRb, c and d gene loci begin rearrangement withcompletion of TCRb rearrangement at the CD442CD25+ DN3 stage. Pairin.On-induced vascular changes alter the transport of Ab out of the brain. Even though we did not observe any change in LRP1, which is associated with Ab removal from the brain and known to be influenced by inflammatory stimuli [33], there are additional transporters found at the BBB that might have a role in Ab removal [20]. Ultimately, Ab tracer studies will be required to definitively demonstrate impaired clearance in irradiated mice. In conclusion we have demonstrated that 100 cGy of 56Fe particle radiation can cause cognitive impairment as well as increased Ab plaque pathology in APP/PS1 mice, without clear changes in glial activation. Additionally, the elevation of ICAM-1 expression in irradiated mice raises the possibility that vascular changes might underlie radiation-induced amyloid accumulation. These pathological increases are particularly concerning for astronauts who will be exposed to GCR in upcoming deep space missions. In this regard, one major caveat of our model is that mice were subjected to acute exposures with a single HZE species. It is not known how the CNS will respond to the complex andchronic low-dose GCR environment of space. Moreover, astronauts will not likely be familial AD carriers. Therefore, while many of the pathological processes are believed to be similar, this model does not reflect the complete human condition. However, for the one aspect we can 26001275 replicate, the accumulation of Ab, our findings demonstrate that whole body exposure to 56Fe particle HZE radiation enhances pathological processes associated with progression of AD.AcknowledgmentsThe authors thank Peter Guida, Adam Rusek, and their teams at Brookhaven National Laboratories for support during mouse irradiations. Jack Walter, Mallory Olschowka, and Lee Trojanczyk assisted with irradiations, animal management, contextual fear conditioning, and tissue collection and processing. We thank Katherine Bachmann in the University of Rochester Behavioral Science Facility Core (supported in part by P30 ES01247) for running the novel object recognition test.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: JDC CAL JPW JAO MKO. Performed the experiments: JDC BL JLF JPW MKO. Analyzed the data: JDC JAO MKO. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BL JLF CAL. Wrote the paper: JDC MKO.
Hematopoietic progenitor cells enter the thymus from the bone marrow where they undergo a dynamic and highly regulated process of differentiation that culminates with the export of mature T cells. The differentiation of progenitors is controlled by interactions between the progenitor and thymic stromal cells that ultimately activate various signal transduction pathways [1]. These signal transduction pathways regulate the expression of key transcription factors that are required for differentiation. One of the key signaling pathways that is activated at various stages of intrathymic T cell development is the canonical Ras/Erk pathway. The progenitors that seed the thymus initially lack expression of the CD4 and CD8 T cell co-receptors and are termed `double negative’ (DN). DN thymocytes are a heterogeneous population that can be further sub-divided based upon the expression of various cell surface molecules including CD44 and CD25. DN1 thymocytes are CD44+CD252 with upregulation of CD25 marking entry into the DN2 stage. It is within the DN2 stage that TCRb, c and d gene loci begin rearrangement withcompletion of TCRb rearrangement at the CD442CD25+ DN3 stage. Pairin.
