We observed mouse behavior in a novel home cage. Mice were i.p. injected with LPS (0.5 mg/kg) and returned ot their homecage for 30 min, with a subset treated with Tat-MyD88, Tat-TLR4 or Tat-scram (6 mg/ kg) 30 min prior to LPS treatment. Mice were then 22948146 singly placed into a novel home cage environment and allowed to explore freely for 30 min. Representative path plots from each of the groups tested illustrate striking differences among the groups (Figure 4B). Using Noldus Dacomitinib Ethovision software for quantification, average speed (Figure 4C), cumulative distance traveled (Figure 4D), and total number of rears (Figure 4E) were used to provide objective measures of motor activity as an index of the severity of sickness. One way ANOVA demonstrated a significant main effect of treatment on open field performance, with speed (F4,48 
= 12.07, p = ,.001), distance (F4,48 = 8.43, p,.001), and rearing (F4,48 = 10.35, p,.001) as measures. Mice treated with LPS alone, or LPS plus pre-treatment with Tat-scram showed significant reductions in average speed (1.1560.166, p,.001; 0.4360.045, p,.001) and cumulative distance travelled (1531.446369.10, p,.001; 691.756113.97, p,.001), as well as the total number of rears (42.40612.66, p,.001) compared to control (vehicle injected) mice. In contrast, mice pre-treated with either TatMyD88 or Tat-TLR4 prior to LPS treatment showed an increase in average speed (2.2560.23, p = .003; 1.8860.20, p = .038), total distance (3330.956429.16, p = .008; 2808.686206.98, p = .022), or number of rears (187.10619.60, p = .001; 121.10616.52, p = .005) in the novel home cage, compared to LPS treated animals. These differences in motor activity between control, LPS and interference peptide-treated groups are immediately observable when representative mice are viewed concurrently in the Movie S2. Given the prevalence of decreased motivation in sickness behavior, we examined the effectiveness of the TLR4-MyD88 interfering peptides on the behavioral response of rewarding intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). ICSS accesses self-motivated behaviors to acquire brain-stimulation reward related to activation of brain dopamine neurons [26], and consequently may be used to assess the direct effect of LPS on brain function in the absence of peripheral effects [27,28]. Using the titrated protocol of this assay will allow us to examine the effects of sickness and peptide treatment on underlying motivational states. Two way repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant interaction (intensity x treatment; F24,272 = 2.60, p,.001) between intensity (F12,272 = 11.11, p,.001) and treatment (F2,272 = 10.79, p = .002). In LPS treated animals (0.5 mg/kg), a significant reduction in the number of BMS-790052 dihydrochloride supplier responses per 5 minutes (least 
square mean 207.40692.03) was observed compared to baseline (least square mean 773.25692.03; p = .003) and post-treatment (least square mean 674.79692.03; p = .004) sessions (Figure 4F). In contrast, when animals were pretreated with Tat-MyD88 (6 mg/kg) prior to LPS (0.5 mg/kg), this reduction in the number of responses was not observed (Figure 4G). This result indicates that peptides interfering with TLR4-MyD88 can reduce the effects of sickness on motivation for self-stimulation. The behavioral data demonstrates that the peptides interfering with TLR4-MyD88 can effect both the motoric and hedonic effects of sickness behavior suggesting that peptide is capable of influencing multiple systems in the brain.DiscussionTaken together,.We observed mouse behavior in a novel home cage. Mice were i.p. injected with LPS (0.5 mg/kg) and returned ot their homecage for 30 min, with a subset treated with Tat-MyD88, Tat-TLR4 or Tat-scram (6 mg/ kg) 30 min prior to LPS treatment. Mice were then 22948146 singly placed into a novel home cage environment and allowed to explore freely for 30 min. Representative path plots from each of the groups tested illustrate striking differences among the groups (Figure 4B). Using Noldus Ethovision software for quantification, average speed (Figure 4C), cumulative distance traveled (Figure 4D), and total number of rears (Figure 4E) were used to provide objective measures of motor activity as an index of the severity of sickness. One way ANOVA demonstrated a significant main effect of treatment on open field performance, with speed (F4,48 = 12.07, p = ,.001), distance (F4,48 = 8.43, p,.001), and rearing (F4,48 = 10.35, p,.001) as measures. Mice treated with LPS alone, or LPS plus pre-treatment with Tat-scram showed significant reductions in average speed (1.1560.166, p,.001; 0.4360.045, p,.001) and cumulative distance travelled (1531.446369.10, p,.001; 691.756113.97, p,.001), as well as the total number of rears (42.40612.66, p,.001) compared to control (vehicle injected) mice. In contrast, mice pre-treated with either TatMyD88 or Tat-TLR4 prior to LPS treatment showed an increase in average speed (2.2560.23, p = .003; 1.8860.20, p = .038), total distance (3330.956429.16, p = .008; 2808.686206.98, p = .022), or number of rears (187.10619.60, p = .001; 121.10616.52, p = .005) in the novel home cage, compared to LPS treated animals. These differences in motor activity between control, LPS and interference peptide-treated groups are immediately observable when representative mice are viewed concurrently in the Movie S2. Given the prevalence of decreased motivation in sickness behavior, we examined the effectiveness of the TLR4-MyD88 interfering peptides on the behavioral response of rewarding intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). ICSS accesses self-motivated behaviors to acquire brain-stimulation reward related to activation of brain dopamine neurons [26], and consequently may be used to assess the direct effect of LPS on brain function in the absence of peripheral effects [27,28]. Using the titrated protocol of this assay will allow us to examine the effects of sickness and peptide treatment on underlying motivational states. Two way repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant interaction (intensity x treatment; F24,272 = 2.60, p,.001) between intensity (F12,272 = 11.11, p,.001) and treatment (F2,272 = 10.79, p = .002). In LPS treated animals (0.5 mg/kg), a significant reduction in the number of responses per 5 minutes (least square mean 207.40692.03) was observed compared to baseline (least square mean 773.25692.03; p = .003) and post-treatment (least square mean 674.79692.03; p = .004) sessions (Figure 4F). In contrast, when animals were pretreated with Tat-MyD88 (6 mg/kg) prior to LPS (0.5 mg/kg), this reduction in the number of responses was not observed (Figure 4G). This result indicates that peptides interfering with TLR4-MyD88 can reduce the effects of sickness on motivation for self-stimulation. The behavioral data demonstrates that the peptides interfering with TLR4-MyD88 can effect both the motoric and hedonic effects of sickness behavior suggesting that peptide is capable of influencing multiple systems in the brain.DiscussionTaken together,.
