abolic processes of AFB1 inside the liver [8]. Excessive oxidation strain and inflammation play a very important role within the toxicity metabolism of AFB1 within the liver; as anticipated, antioxidants are an efficient way to safeguard body against toxic metabolites, oxidative CBP/p300 Molecular Weight pressure, and inflammation [91]. Curcumin is a sort of polyphenol element derived from the rhizome of turmeric (Curcuma Longa Linn.); it performs diverse biological activities, such as serving as aPublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Copyright: 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is definitely an open HD2 Formulation access report distributed below the terms and circumstances with the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).Foods 2021, 10, 3086. doi.org/10.3390/foodsmdpi/journal/foodsFoods 2021, ten,2 offree radical scavenger and antioxidant, as well as becoming essential in anti-inflammatory responses [124]. Research reported that polyphenol component (resveratrol and curcumin) supplementation enhanced the antioxidant capacity of ducks by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities [15,16]. Curcumin supplementation suppressed inflammation by inhibiting the activation of inflammasome in liver and kidney of mice and rats [17,18]. A investigation study reported the protective effects of curcumin on AFB1-induced liver harm by inhibition of the activity of CYP1A1 and AFB1-DNA adducts content material in liver [19]. Pauletto et al. (2020) reported equivalent final results, whereby, curcumin supplementation protected the liver of broilers against harm induced by AFB1 the inhibition of hepatic CYP2A6 gene expression [20]. Otherwise, curcumin has protective effects for the liver against harm induced by AFB1 by escalating the activity of antioxidant enzymes, e.g., by upregulating antioxidant genes expression inside the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related element two (NRF2) signaling pathway [5,21]. Moreover, oxidation stress could activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and outcome in inflammation [22]. Pauletto et al. (2020) reported that curcumin supplementation inhibited inflammation by decreasing interleukin 1 (IL 1) content in liver induced by AFB1 [20]. As a result, curcumin supplementation has an capability to alleviate oxidation tension and inflammation induced by AFB1, however the application of curcumin as a feed additive for ducks to alleviate the damage of liver induced by AFB1 has not been researched. This study established an antioxidant duck model; we investigate the metabolic mechanism in the protective effects of dietary curcumin around the acute liver harm induced by AFB1. This study supplies a theoretical basis for the possible application of curcumin supplementation to guard avian overall health threatened by AFB1 administration. 2. Components and Methods 2.1. Chemicals Curcumin (CAS: 458-37-7) was obtained from Nanjing NutriHerb BioTech Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). AFB1 (CAS no. 1162-65-8) was obtained from Shanghai Yuanye BioTechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Antibodies had been obtained from Beyotime Biotechnology (Shanghai, China) such as GAPDH (catalog quantity: AG019), caspase-1 (catalog number: AF1681), NLRP3 (catalog number: AF2155), horseradish peroxidase (HRP)labeled Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (catalog number: A0216) and HRP-labeled Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (catalog quantity: A0208). 2.2. Ducks and Husbandry All ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) (n = 450) aged 1 day had been randomly assigned to three groups (Table S1). D
