Gation. Colonoscopy was performed using a versatile digital ureteroscope on the day 7 of DSS remedy. For any full description, see SI Components and Techniques. BM Chimeric Mice. Mice receiving BM transfer were irradiated (900 radiation absorbed dose) quickly before transplantation. BM was harvested from femurs and tibias of 4-wk-old SAMP or AKR mice. To get a full description, see SI Supplies and Approaches. Myeloperoxidase Assay Activity. Colon samples have been assayed for myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity as previously described (31, 32). To get a complete description, see SI Components and Approaches. Salmonella Infection Assays. Salmonella infection assays have been performed as previously described (9). For a full description, see SI Components and Approaches. Salmonella Infection in Vivo. SAMP and AKR handle mice (4 wk) were infected with Salmonella for two d. For any full description, see SI Components and Solutions. Statistical Analysis. Analyses of continuous information had been performed employing parametric Student t tests, one-way or two-way ANOVAs, or linear regression (when proper), or their nonparametric options. For a full description, see SI Supplies and Solutions. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We thank Prof. Maria Grazia Cifone (University of L’Aquila) for scientific support; Dr. Marcello Chieppa for assistance with bone marrow chimeric mice; Dr. Amitabh Chak for support with all the mouse colonoscopy; and Li-Guo Jia, Mitchell Guanzon, Dennis Gruszka, Sarah Kossak, Lindsey Kaydo, and Homer Craig for their technical assistance. This Dopamine Transporter Formulation perform was supported by National Institutes of Overall health Grants DK091222 (to F.C.), DK055812 (to F.C.), DK042191 (to F.C. and T.T.P.), and DK082437 (to C.M.), also as the Howard Hughes Health-related Institute “Med into Grad” Initiative.1. Gutierrez O, et al. (2002) Induction of Nod2 in myelomonocytic and intestinal epithelial cells by way of nuclear factor-kappa B activation. J Biol Chem 277(44):417011705. two. Girardin SE, et al. (2003) Nod2 is usually a common sensor of peptidoglycan by means of muramyl dipeptide (MDP) detection. J Biol Chem 278(11):8869872. three. Inohara N, et al. (2003) Host recognition of bacterial muramyl dipeptide mediated by way of NOD2. Implications for Crohn’s disease. J Biol Chem 278(eight):5509512. 4. Inohara N, Nu z G (2003) NODs: Intracellular proteins involved in inflammation and apoptosis. Nat Rev Immunol 3(five):37182. five. Kim JY, Omori E, Matsumoto K, N��ez G, Ninomiya-Tsuji J (2008) TAK1 is a central mediator of NOD2 signaling in epidermal cells. J Biol Chem 283(1):13744. six. Park JH, et al. (2007) RICK/RIP2 mediates innate immune responses induced through Nod1 and Nod2 but not TLRs. J Immunol 178(four):2380386. 7. Wagner CS, Cresswell P (2012) TLR and nucleotide-binding oligomerization Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase drug domain-like receptor signals differentially regulate exogenous antigen presentation. J Immunol 188(2): 68693. 8. Cooney R, et al. (2010) NOD2 stimulation induces autophagy in dendritic cells influencing bacterial handling and antigen presentation. Nat Med 16(1):907. 9. Homer CR, Richmond AL, Rebert NA, Achkar JP, McDonald C (2010) ATG16L1 and NOD2 interact in an autophagy-dependent antibacterial pathway implicated in Crohn’s illness pathogenesis. Gastroenterology 139(5):1630641. ten. Hampe J, et al. (2001) Association among insertion mutation in NOD2 gene and Crohn’s illness in German and British populations. Lancet 357(9272):1925928. 11. Hugot JP, et al. (2001) Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn’s illness. Nature 411(6837):59903. 12. Ogu.
