F 17 metabolites had been identified. The significant metabolic pathways on the detected metabolites have been glucuronidation, sulfation, methylation, demethylation, and reduction. These pathways can be traced for the two phases of metabolism, phase I and phase II. Phase I metabolism generally converts a parent drug to far more polar (water soluble) active metabolites by unmasking or inserting a polar functionalScientific RepoRts | five:12961 | DOi: 10.1038/srepDiscussionwww.nature.com/scientificreports/ESI mode – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Abund. (06)*No. 1 two three 4 five 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43tR(min) 4.265 six.174 11.765 17.136 17.36 22.593 22.999 24.536 26.053 32.45 33.286 33.455 33.658 33.692 33.861 33.937 34.756 36.809 37.817 38.152 38.701 39.326 39.410 40.027 40.263 43.895 45.416 47.544 52.055 four.076 20.496 22.430 23.461 23.498 24.120 28.613 30.26 31.966 31.975 35.193 37.544 37.722 37.783 38.Fragment ions, m/z 169.0134, 125.0246 331.0670, 271.0433, 211.0235, 169.0139 389.1051, 345.1085, 183.0641, 165.0548 353.0871, 191.0540 179.0331, 135.043 353.0869, 191.0533, 179.0316, 173.0424, 161.0187, 135.0421 353.0863, 191.0531, 179.0316, 173.0324 357.1197, 195.0671, 151.0761, 125.0251 367.1028, 191.0534 269.0439, 240.0408, 211.0400 609.1475, 301.0325 445.0756, 283.0241, 239.0326, 447.0897, 285.0396 463.0895, 301.0340, 271.0291 461.0737, 285.0339 593.1519, 447.0962, 285.0401 515.1189, 353.0873, 191.0551, 179.0346 269.0476, 167.0507 269.0456, 240.0408, 211.0400, 167.0518 269.0452, 225.0539, 197.0564, 183.0448 253.0488, 225.0556 253.0504, 225.0557 431.0987, 395.1032, 311.0588, 269.0468 459.0952, 283.0612, 268.0376 283.0605, 268.0363, 240.0372 269.0463, 241.0521, 225.0543 313.7373, 229.2099, 211.1348, 171.1012 297.0409, 253.0501, 225.0517 283.0260, 239.0343, 211.0411, 183.0413 180.1286, 121.0535 314.1716, 269.1167, 237.0903, 192.1009, 143.0486 342.1687, 192.1007 344.1854, 299.1283, 207.0766, 175.0748, 137.0590 342.1730, 297.1121, 265.0859 342.1684, 297.1102, 265.0852 356.1853, 311.1271, 279.1016 312.1591, 297.1361, 267.1191, 252.1016 356.1854, 192.1017 356.1855, 297.0821, 192.1017, 177.Piperine Biological Activity 0780, 148.Digitonin Formula 0752 338.PMID:25023702 1377, 322.1072, 308.0908, 294.1118, 280.0951 352.1534, 336.1228, 322.1074, 308.1277, 294.1121 336.1233, 334.1071, 306.0764, 292.0968 445.0772, 271.0608 320.0911, 292.Formula C7H6O5 C13H16O10 C16H22O11 C16H18O9 C9H8O4 C16H18O9 C16H18O9 C16H22O9 C17H20O9 C15H10O5 C27H30O16 C21H18O11 C21H20O11 C21H20O12 C21H18O12 C27H30O15 C25H24O12 C15H10O5 C15H10O5 C15H10O5 C15H10O4 C15H10O4 C21H20O10 C22H20O11 C16H12O5 C15H10O5 C18H34O5 C16H10O6 C15H8O6 C11H18NO C19H23NO3 C20H24NO4 C20H26NO4 C20H23NO4 C20H23NO4 C21H25NO4 C19H21NO3 C21H25NO4 C21H26NO4 C20H20NO4 C21H22NO4 C20H18NO4 C21H18O11 C20H18NOIdentity Gallic acidPeak abundance High Medium Higher Medium Medium High Higher Medium Medium Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Low Higher Low Low Low Low Higher Low Low Medium Low Low Medium Higher Higher Higher Higher High Higher Low Higher High Medium High High Higher LowSource RP RP LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ RP SC RP RP LJ SC LJ LJ SC RP LJ RP RP RP SC RP SC RP RP RP Pc Pc SC Pc Pc Computer Computer Pc Pc Pc Computer Computer Pc SC PC16.06 2.93 16.*Gallic acid 3-O- -D-glucopyranoside Secologanoside Chlorogenic acid Caffeic acid* 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid Sweroside Caffeoyl-CH2-O-quinic acid Aloe-emodin Rutin* Rhein-8-O- -D-glucopyranoside Luteolin-7-O- -D-glucoside Hyperoside Scutell.
